Pakistan has been ranked the most polluted country in the world in 2025, according to the latest global air quality report by Swiss monitoring firm IQAir.
The report found that the country recorded extremely high levels of PM2.5, a dangerous type of fine particulate matter that can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream.
On average, pollution levels in Pakistan were recorded at up to 13 times higher than the safe limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO), highlighting the severity of the country’s air quality crisis.
Sharp Deterioration Compared to Previous Years
The latest ranking marks a worsening situation compared to previous years.
In 2024, Pakistan was ranked among the top three most polluted countries globally, already facing severe smog and hazardous air quality levels.
The shift to the top position in 2025 indicates that pollution levels have continued to deteriorate rather than improve.
Major Cities Driving Pollution Crisis
Urban centres remain at the heart of the crisis, with cities like Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, and Multan frequently recording hazardous air quality levels.
Seasonal smog, especially during winter, significantly worsens conditions due to:
- Crop burning
- Industrial emissions
- Vehicular pollution
- Construction dust
Weather conditions such as low wind speeds and temperature inversions further trap pollutants close to the ground, intensifying smog levels.
Health and Economic Impact
Air pollution remains one of the most serious public health risks in Pakistan.
PM2.5 particles are particularly dangerous because they can enter the bloodstream, increasing the risk of:
- Respiratory diseases
- Heart conditions
- Reduced life expectancy
The crisis also affects economic productivity, healthcare costs, and overall quality of life, especially in densely populated urban areas.
Global Context Shows Stark Contrast
While Pakistan’s pollution levels remain critically high, the report noted some improvement globally.
In 2025, 13 countries met WHO air quality standards, compared to only seven in 2024, showing that progress is possible with effective policy measures.
However, Pakistan continues to lag significantly behind global benchmarks.
Long-Term Challenge Remains
Experts say Pakistan’s pollution crisis is deeply structural, linked to rapid urbanisation, energy use, and weak environmental enforcement.
Without sustained policy action, including cleaner energy adoption and stricter emissions control, air quality levels are unlikely to improve in the near term.
